frederick j kelly standardized testing
Standardized testing has been a topic of much debate and controversy in the education system for decades. One of the key figures in the development and implementation of standardized testing was Frederick J. Kelly, an American psychologist who is often referred to as the “father of standardized testing.” Kelly’s work has had a significant impact on the way students are evaluated and the role of testing in education. In this article, we will explore the life and contributions of Frederick J. Kelly and the ongoing debate surrounding standardized testing.
Early Life and Education of Frederick J. Kelly
Frederick John Kelly was born on October 20, 1888, in Iowa. He was the youngest of six children and was raised on a farm. From a young age, Kelly showed a strong interest in education and excelled in his studies. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Iowa and went on to complete a master’s degree in psychology from the University of Kansas.
In 1911, Kelly moved to Columbia University to pursue a doctoral degree in psychology. It was during this time that he became interested in the field of intelligence testing and its potential to measure a person’s mental abilities. He studied under renowned psychologists such as Edward Thorndike and Robert Yerkes, who were also pioneers in the field of intelligence testing.
Contribution to Standardized Testing
After completing his doctoral degree, Kelly started his career as a professor of psychology at the University of Kansas. He also served as the director of the Kansas Psychological Clinic, where he conducted research on intelligence testing. In 1914, he published his first paper on standardized testing, titled “The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.”
Kelly’s paper caught the attention of Lewis Terman, a professor at Stanford University, who was also working on developing a standardized intelligence test. Terman invited Kelly to join him in developing the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which was published in 1916. This test became the standard for measuring intelligence for many years, and Kelly’s contribution to its development was significant.
In 1920, Kelly joined the faculty at the University of Kansas, where he developed the Kansas Silent Reading Test. This was the first standardized reading test and was widely used in schools across the United States. Kelly’s work on developing the test and his research on reading comprehension had a significant impact on the teaching of reading in schools.
Kelly’s most significant contribution to standardized testing was the development of the Kansas Mental Tests, which were first published in 1926. These tests were designed to measure the abilities of students in various subjects, including mathematics, spelling, and history. They were widely used in schools and were the precursor to the modern, multiple-choice standardized tests that are used today.
The Impact of Kelly’s Work on Education
Kelly’s work on standardized testing had a significant impact on the education system. His tests were widely used in schools and were seen as a more objective and accurate way of measuring student achievement. They also helped identify students who needed extra support or who were gifted and talented.
The development of the Kansas Mental Tests also had a significant influence on the curriculum and teaching methods used in schools. Teachers began to focus more on teaching to the test, as the results of these tests were often used to evaluate their teaching effectiveness. This led to a shift in the education system, with a greater emphasis on standardized testing and less emphasis on creative and critical thinking skills.
Criticism of Standardized Testing
Despite his contributions to standardized testing, Kelly’s work has also faced criticism. One of the main criticisms is that standardized tests do not accurately measure a student’s intelligence or abilities. Critics argue that these tests are biased and do not take into account cultural and socioeconomic differences among students.
Another major criticism is that standardized tests have a narrow focus and do not accurately reflect the range of skills and knowledge that students possess. These tests primarily assess a student’s ability to memorize and regurgitate information rather than their ability to think critically and creatively.
Moreover, standardized tests have been linked to a phenomenon known as “teaching to the test,” where teachers focus on teaching only the content that will be tested, rather than providing a well-rounded education. This can lead to a lack of development in important skills such as problem-solving, communication, and collaboration.
The debate surrounding standardized testing has intensified in recent years as the stakes attached to these tests have increased. Many argue that these tests are used as the sole measure of a student’s academic ability and are used to make important decisions, such as grade promotion and college admissions. This reliance on standardized testing has also led to a culture of high-stakes testing, where students and teachers feel immense pressure to perform well on these tests.
The Future of Standardized Testing
In recent years, there has been a growing movement to move away from standardized testing and towards alternative forms of assessment. Some schools have started implementing performance-based assessments, where students are required to complete real-world tasks that demonstrate their understanding of a subject. These assessments focus on critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, rather than just memorization.
There has also been a push to use a more holistic approach to evaluating student achievement, taking into account factors such as student portfolios, teacher observations, and student self-assessments. This approach recognizes that students possess a range of skills and abilities that cannot be accurately measured by a single test.
Conclusion
Frederick J. Kelly’s work on standardized testing has had a lasting impact on the education system. His tests were widely used in schools for many years and helped shape the curriculum and teaching methods used in classrooms. However, the ongoing debate and criticism surrounding standardized testing have led to a reassessment of its role in education. As we move towards a more holistic and student-centered approach to learning, it will be interesting to see how standardized testing continues to evolve.
how to unlink phone number
Linking your phone number to various accounts and services can provide convenience and security. However, there may come a time when you need to unlink your phone number from these accounts. This could be due to various reasons such as getting a new phone number, privacy concerns, or simply wanting to disconnect from certain services. Whatever the reason may be, the process of unlinking your phone number can vary depending on the account or service. In this article, we will discuss the steps on how to unlink your phone number from different accounts and services, and also the benefits of doing so.
Before we dive into the steps, let’s first understand what linking your phone number means. Linking a phone number to an account or service means that your phone number is associated with that particular account. This allows you to receive notifications, verification codes, and other important information directly to your phone. It also provides an additional layer of security as many accounts and services use phone numbers for two-factor authentication. However, there are instances where you may want to unlink your phone number and in this article, we will guide you on how to do so.
Unlinking your phone number from social media accounts is a common practice. This could be due to wanting to disconnect from certain platforms or simply wanting to change your phone number. To unlink your phone number from facebook -parental-controls-guide”>Facebook , for example, you need to go to the “Settings” menu and click on “Mobile.” From there, you can click on “Remove” next to your linked phone number. Facebook will send a verification code to your phone, which you will need to enter to successfully unlink your number. Similarly, for Twitter, you can go to “Settings and privacy” and click on “Phone.” From there, you can click on “Delete phone number” to unlink it from your account.
Another common reason for unlinking your phone number is privacy concerns. With the increasing number of hacks and data breaches, many people are becoming more conscious about their personal information being linked to their phone numbers. This is why unlinking your phone number from various accounts and services can help protect your privacy. For instance, if you have linked your phone number to your Google account, you can go to “Security” and click on “Phone number” to remove it.
In addition to social media and online accounts, you may also want to unlink your phone number from online shopping and payment platforms. For example, if you have linked your phone number to your Amazon account, you can go to “Your Account” and click on “Login & security.” From there, you can click on “Edit” next to your phone number and remove it. Similarly, for PayPal, you can go to “Settings” and click on “Phone.” From there, you can click on “Remove” next to your linked phone number.
Unlinking your phone number from accounts and services can also be beneficial if you have lost your phone or it has been stolen. By removing your phone number from accounts and services, you can prevent anyone from accessing your personal information or making unauthorized transactions. This is especially important for financial accounts and services, as your phone number can be used for authentication and verification purposes.
Furthermore, if you have switched to a new phone number, it is essential to unlink your old number from your accounts and services. This will ensure that you continue to receive notifications and important information on your new phone number. Additionally, it will prevent anyone from accessing your accounts and services using your old phone number.
Another reason to unlink your phone number is to avoid unwanted spam calls and messages. By linking your phone number to various accounts and services, you are also giving them permission to use your number for marketing and promotional activities. This can result in an influx of unwanted calls and messages, which can be quite frustrating. By unlinking your phone number, you can avoid this and have more control over who can contact you.
It is important to note that some accounts and services may require you to have a verified phone number. In such cases, you may not be able to unlink your phone number entirely, but you can update it to your new number. This is common for financial accounts and services, as they need to have a verified phone number for security purposes. However, you can still remove your old phone number from your account and replace it with your new one.
In conclusion, unlinking your phone number from various accounts and services can provide many benefits. It can help protect your privacy, prevent unauthorized access to your accounts, and avoid unwanted spam calls and messages. The process of unlinking your phone number may vary, but it is usually a straightforward and simple process. By following the steps provided by the respective account or service, you can successfully unlink your phone number. It is also important to regularly review and manage the accounts and services linked to your phone number to ensure your personal information is secure and up-to-date.
facts about identity theft 2015
Identity theft is a serious issue that has been on the rise in recent years. With the increase in technology and the widespread use of the internet, it has become easier for criminals to steal personal information and use it for their own gain. In 2015, there were numerous cases of identity theft reported, and the numbers continue to grow each year. In this article, we will delve into the facts about identity theft in 2015 and what steps you can take to protect yourself from becoming a victim.
What is Identity Theft?
Identity theft is a crime that occurs when someone steals another person’s personal information and uses it without their consent. This information can include their name, social security number, credit card number, or any other personal identifying information. The thief can then use this information to open new credit accounts, make purchases, or even apply for loans in the victim’s name.
According to a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, about 7% of US residents aged 16 or older were victims of identity theft in 2014. This number has been on the rise over the years, and 2015 was no exception. Let’s take a closer look at the facts and figures surrounding identity theft in 2015.
The Numbers Speak for Themselves
In 2015, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) received a whopping 490,220 identity theft complaints. This was an increase of 47,000 complaints from the previous year. The most common type of identity theft reported was tax-related fraud, which accounted for 29% of the complaints. Other types of identity theft reported include credit card fraud, phone or utilities fraud, and bank fraud.
The FTC also reported that the top three states with the highest number of identity theft complaints in 2015 were Florida, Georgia, and California. The top three metropolitan areas with the highest number of complaints were Miami, Atlanta, and Las Vegas.
It’s important to note that these numbers only represent the reported cases of identity theft. Many victims may not have even realized that their identity had been stolen, or they may have chosen not to report it to the authorities.
The Cost of Identity Theft
Aside from the emotional distress and inconvenience that comes with being a victim of identity theft, there is also a financial cost. In 2015, the total amount lost due to identity theft was a staggering $15.5 billion. This includes both the direct and indirect costs incurred by victims, such as lost wages, legal fees, and credit monitoring services.
The average amount lost per victim was $3,500, but this number can vary greatly depending on the severity of the theft and how quickly it was discovered. Some victims have reported losing tens of thousands of dollars as a result of identity theft.
Who are the Targets?
Contrary to popular belief, anyone can become a victim of identity theft. However, studies have shown that certain demographics are more at risk than others. In 2015, the most targeted age group for identity theft was individuals aged 20-29, followed by those aged 30-39. This may be due to the fact that this age group tends to have more online activity and may not have established a strong credit history yet.
Another group that is often targeted by identity thieves is the elderly. They are more vulnerable to scams and may not be as tech-savvy as younger generations, making it easier for criminals to steal their personal information.
How is Personal Information Obtained?
There are many ways in which identity thieves can obtain personal information. The most common method is through data breaches. In 2015 alone, there were over 780 data breaches reported, exposing millions of personal records. These breaches can occur at large corporations, government agencies, or even small businesses.
Phishing scams are another popular method used by identity thieves. They will send emails or text messages pretending to be a legitimate company requesting personal information. Unsuspecting individuals may click on a link or respond with their personal information, unknowingly giving it to the criminal.
Other methods include stealing mail, dumpster diving, and stealing wallets or purses. With the rise of social media, identity thieves can also gather personal information from people’s social media profiles.
Protecting Yourself from Identity Theft
With the increasing number of identity theft cases, it’s important to take steps to protect yourself from becoming a victim. Here are some tips to keep in mind:
1. Monitor Your Accounts: Regularly check your bank and credit card statements for any suspicious activity. If you see any unauthorized charges, contact your financial institution immediately.
2. Secure Your Personal Information: Keep your social security number, credit card numbers, and other personal information safe and secure. Don’t carry them around in your wallet or purse, and be cautious about sharing this information online.
3. Use Strong Passwords: Make sure to use strong passwords for all your online accounts. Avoid using the same password for multiple accounts, and change them regularly.
4. Be Wary of Scams: Be cautious of emails, texts, or phone calls requesting personal information or claiming to be from a legitimate company. Never give out personal information unless you are sure of the source.
5. Shred Sensitive Documents: Shred any documents containing personal information before throwing them away. This includes credit card statements, bank statements, and any other sensitive documents.
6. Check Your Credit Report: Regularly check your credit report for any unusual activity. You are entitled to one free credit report per year from each of the three major credit bureaus.
7. Opt-Out of Pre-Approved Credit Offers: Pre-approved credit offers can be tempting, but they can also be a goldmine for identity thieves. Opt-out of receiving these offers by calling 1-888-5OPTOUT or visiting optoutprescreen.com.
8. Use a Credit Monitoring Service: Consider using a credit monitoring service to keep an eye on your credit report and receive alerts for any suspicious activity.
9. Protect Your Computer: Install anti-virus software and keep it updated. Be cautious when clicking on links or downloading attachments from unknown sources.
10. Freeze Your Credit: If you are extremely concerned about identity theft, you can freeze your credit. This prevents anyone from opening new credit accounts in your name, but it also means you won’t be able to open new accounts yourself.
In conclusion, identity theft is a serious issue that can have devastating effects on victims. In 2015, there were numerous cases reported, and the numbers continue to rise each year. It’s important to be vigilant and take steps to protect yourself from becoming a victim. By following the tips mentioned above, you can reduce your chances of falling prey to identity thieves. Remember, prevention is always better than trying to recover from identity theft. Stay informed and stay safe!